The tales of Panchatantra, perhaps, are the oldest stories known in the literature of India. Some believe that the fables of Panchatantra are as old as Rig-veda. Panch means five, and tantra refers to codes of conduct. The stories were largely based on animal characters, making it very interesting for children.

Contents • • • • Key [ ] • A-T — tale type index number. • Edge — 's 1924 reconstruction of the Sanskrit text of the original Panchatantra. Though scholars debate details of his text, its list of stories can be considered definitive. It is the basis of English translations by Edgerton himself (1924) and Patrick Olivelle (1997 & 2006). The content of 2 other important versions, the 'Southern' Panchatantra and the Tantrākhyāyika are very similar to that of Edgerton's reconstruction.

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• Durg — 's translation of c. 1031 CE is one of the earliest extant translations into an Indian vernacular.

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• Soma — Somadeva's ('Ocean of Streams of Story') of 1070 is a massive collection of stories and legends, to which a version of the Panchatantra contributes roughly half of Book 10. The numbers given are those of, which situate the Panchatantra passages within the Kathasaritsagara as a whole. At the end of each of the Panchatantra's books, Somadeva (or his source) adds a number of unrelated stories, 'usually of the ' variety.' • Purn — 's recension of 1199 CE is one of the longest Sanskrit versions, and is the basis of both 's of 1925, and Chandra Rajan's of 1993. • Nara — by is probably the most popular version in India, and was the second work ever translated from Sanskrit into English (by in 1787).

The Hitopadesha itself exists in several versions, without an extant original. However, in this case the differences are comparatively trivial. Narayana split, combined, and reordered his source stories more extensively than most other revisers of the Panchatantra, so while cells in other columns generally have a one-to-one relationship, this does not hold true for the Hitopadesha. Table [ ] In addition to the stories listed below, many versions begin with a prelude in which a king bewails the stupidity of his sons, and the wise (the Panchatantra's reputed author) bets that he can teach them statecraft in a mere 6 months; the tales constitute his lesson.